Easy way to make text wall

[microfarad]

I saw some thread about how to make a text wall, but they have it all wrong. Just take some research papers and other homework assignments on your hard-drive from like 8th grade onward and paste them in, like so:

Kyle Gagner
Frederick Terman
Often, when one digs into a historical story, they will find a single individual is responsible for immense changes in the course of history. This paper will delve into the efforts of one such individual, Frederick Terman, and his role in the creation of Silicon Valley. The foundation of what is viewed as Silicon Valley today, and not software, the internet, or even computers will be the primary concern of this paper. In fact, much of what will be discussed actually occurred before Silicon Valley’s namesake, the transistor, made its entrance on the industrial scene in the region. To set the stage, California’s industry was stunted by a lack of coal, while much of the nation had access to the precious resource. However, in the 1890s, a viable alternative, hydroelectric power, promised to turn the tables. Shortly after the turn of the century, California was already reaping the benefits of not only hydroelectric power, but also the community of engineers and university professors that formed around the challenge of creating a new power infrastructure (Williams). Frederick Terman enters this scene in 1925 as a teacher at Stanford University, working in Harris Ryan’s Electrical Engineering program (Cheung). Frederick Terman drastically changed the face of the electronics industry by integrating Stanford University with the electronics industry, encouraging industry in the region, and channeling military research funding to the valley.
Terman began working on building ties between Stanford and the industry at once. As a teacher, he focused on industry issues, not theoretical exercises for his students’ research. In his post at Harris Ryan’s Electrical Engineering program, Terman transformed Stanford into the leading center for radio research on the West Coast (Williams). He took students on field trips to observe business in the real world (Williams).
“I encouraged our new, young faculty members to get out and get acquainted with local industry and with the people in it who were doing interesting and creative things. Likewise, I encouraged industry to know their university by getting acquainted with what was going on at Stanford as it related to their own technical interests, and to make the acquaintance of those university people who had similar interests.” (Tajnai)

The Honors Cooperative Program, an agreement between the university and electronics companies that allowed companies to send employees to Stanford for graduate work at double the tuition to pay for the increased teaching capacity demand, was another one of Terman’s bright ideas, which benefitted both the university and companies in the region. In the 1950s, Terman was presented with an opportunity to quite literally bring the industry closer to the university. Stanford needed more money, but could not sell any part of its large quantity of land, so the University started leasing it instead (Gromov). Terman persuaded the University business manager to lease land only to companies with some tie to the university’s programs, and high-tech industries began to take root in what would become the Stanford Industrial Park (Williams).
Although these efforts didn’t necessarily bring resources, minds, or anything new to the valley, the cooperation between the university and companies was, in itself, valuable. In 1927, Terman wrote that, “With its past reputation as a center of high voltage research, and with the establishment of the Ryan Laboratory, Stanford is in an excellent strategic position to initiate a pioneer movement that will make this the national research center of electrical engineering” (Williams). This vision became a reality with his efforts. Companies around Stanford worked closely with the University, aiding with funding, then producing the products which resulted from University research. Stanford’s research programs grew to be useful and, as will be discussed later in the paper, profitable. Just as engineers and professors had teamed up to solve California’s energy problems in the late 19th and early 20th century, Terman had connected Stanford with local companies to form the foundation for Silicon Valley (Castells 16). However, the incipient industries still had a long way to go.
Companies, like those that came to populate the Stanford Industrial Park, do not spring out of nowhere; people conceive them, found them, run them, work in them, and, in the case of Silicon Valley, Terman encouraged them. For example, Terman was responsible for convincing Hewlett and Packard to work together and form a business making oscillators in a garage in Silicon Valley (Tajnai). He was also a member of the board of Varian Associates, an important business in the valley that innovated and pursued microwave technology such as the klystron (Gillmor 282). Furthermore, Terman convinced William Shockley, co-inventor of the transistor, to come to Silicon Valley, beginning the region’s involvement with silicon technology (Williams). Terman also persuaded graduates to stay in the region and begin their own businesses (like Hewlett and Packard), known as start-up companies (Gillmor 121). You can trace many of the most prominent electronics companies today right back to Terman. As an example, Intel was co-founded by Robert Noyce, who was a graduate of Stanford and worked under William Shockley after he was encouraged to come to Silicon Valley (Williams). In fact, in the 1970s, 41 startups precipitated from Fairchild Semiconductor, which, itself, was an off shoot from Shockley’s work in the valley (Shockley wasn’t very good with people, and all 8 of his original employees left) (Williams). In 1969, a gathering of around 400 engineers working on silicon technology revealed that fewer than 24 of them had not worked at Fairchild Semiconductor at some point. Not only did a number of these start-ups come to make up Silicon Valley later on, but many household names such as Intel and HP would not exist without Frederick Terman. In this way he had a profound impact on the world of technology as we know it today.
The legacy of Terman’s start-ups is possibly his most profound impact. Other faculty members continued Terman’s trend of consulting for, and investing in new start-ups. Alumni from Stanford were able to exit the University, and find a job right where they were, forming new generations of engineers (Investing). Start-ups seeded by this tradition, though not necessarily Terman himself, include Sun Microsystems and Cisco Systems (Investing). Such start-ups are immensely important to industry today. Cisco Systems is most notably known for its networking products, including wireless routers and similar devices. Sun Microsystems (which no longer exists, as it has been bought by Oracle) is popularly known for developing the Java platform, a widely used technology for putting interactive media in web pages. The course of technology would be greatly different without the influence of these companies.
Changing the world usually takes quite a lot of money. Silicon Valley was no exception, and drew quite a lot of its funding from contracts with the military to fund research and growth of the industry in the Valley. WWII was a very electronic war. The Germans had radar systems more extensive and complex than most people know. Bomber planes employed a myriad of techniques, including interesting approaches such as throwing packets of tin foil strips cut to specific lengths to confuse German radars (this went to such extremes as to induce an aluminum foil shortage) (The Secret History of Silicon Valley). Planes filled with nothing but racks of jamming equipment flew along with bombers. The research for all this technology was extremely expensive, and universities received government contracts for enormous sums of money (The Secret History of Silicon Valley). But Silicon Valley missed out. While schools such as MIT, Caltech, and Harvard received research funding measured in the tens or hundreds or millions of dollars, depending on the school, Stanford received just 50 thousand. At the time, Terman was away from Stanford, heading the RRL (Radio Research Laboratory) at Harvard during WWII (The Secret History of Silicon Valley). The Cold War and the Korean War presented Stanford with a second chance to catch up. Terman came back, and advocated for university research programs that would take advantage of military funding.
“Government-sponsored research presents Stanford and our School of Engineering, with a wonderful opportunity if we are prepared to exploit it… We failed to take advantage of a similar opportunity presented by the activities of the war. We are fortunate to have a second chance to retrieve out position. It is doubtful if there will ever be a third opportunity.” (Kenney)

Terman returned to Stanford in 1946 as Dean of Engineering. Concerned with expanding research in the university, he founded the AEL (Applied Electronics Laboratory), which was not intended to deal with military research (Williams). He then recruited eleven people he had worked with in the RRL to come with him to Stanford as faculty for the ERL (Electronics Research Laboratory), which was more concentrated on military research. Finally, Terman formed the SEL (Stanford Electronics Laboratories), which was a combination of the AEL and ERL, in 1955, the same year that Terman became Provost at Stanford (Williams). With its new high tech research programs, Stanford attracted the attention of the U.S. government in the Cold War and the Korean War. Money from military interest in new technology helped fund research in the university. For example, Stanford’s first defense contract, an annual $225,000 from the Office of Naval Research, helped build laboratories to perform Stanford research in (Williams).
With its military funding, the SEL researched topics such as microwave technology, and built prototype receivers and radar jammers. Technology coming out of Stanford played a key role in intelligence for understanding the capabilities of the Soviet Union’s radar defense systems and missile technology (Blank). Objectives included understanding Soviet nuclear capabilities, the locations of radars, radar ranges, how to jam them, and where the weak points in the Soviet radar systems were (The Secret History of Silicon Valley). Lots of interesting research was performed in projects such as receiving Soviet radar signals bounced off the moon to locate large radar installments called Tall Kings (The Secret History of Silicon Valley). Equipment developed in Stanford was employed in planes, which flew over the Soviet Union to gather electronic intelligence (Blank). In fact, about 32 such planes were destroyed flying missions over Russia, killing many crewmembers. Several start-ups, founded by people who had worked in the ERL, sprung up in the valley and began producing the devices that Stanford was busy researching, including magnetrons and klystrons (Blank). These start-ups joined the ranks of existing companies which also began producing products for the war. The region became a “Microwave Valley”, which grew around Stanford, with the military as its most important customer (Blank). This was yet another example of how Terman’s efforts helped industry in the region expand.
Behind every business, there is a story. What is astonishing is the number of businesses which have Terman’s name written in their history at some point. His influence cascaded through the valley, causing businesses to spring up and succeed in his wake. By connecting the university to local business, he drew money to Stanford, and built a community of people in the valley that formed the basis of what later grew into Silicon Valley. As Terman said, “When we set out to create a community of technical scholars in Silicon Valley, there wasn't much here and the rest of the world looked awfully big. Now a lot of the rest of the world is here” (Tajnai). By encouraging startups, Terman helped form numerous companies, some of which are now common household names, with their logos printed on much of the equipment used today. And if Terman had not returned to the valley after WWII, to pursue military research funding, the local industry would likely not have leaped into microwave technology, and research at Stanford would not have benefitted from military funding. While it’s hard to say whether this made technology more advanced, better off, or more ahead of its time in the long run, it would certainly have been extraordinarily different had Terman not done what he did for Silicon Valley. Important products and services used by people around the world originated in Silicon Valley. If Terman had not made the region a center for the electronics industry, it is doubtful that such organizations as Google would have existed. One may speculate on whether or not a similar company would have developed somewhere else, sooner or later, but it would not be the same as Google. The sheer size of his impact is staggering. The nature of technology today is defined in part by Silicon Valley, which would never have become what it is today without the efforts of Frederick Terman.

Kyle Gagner
Bibliography
Bajarin, Tim. "The Secret History of Silicon Valley." PCMAG. 01 Dec 2008: Print.

Blank, Steve. "The Secret History of Silicon Valley." Steve Blank. WordPress, n.d. Web. 16 Feb 2011. <http://steveblank.com/category/secret-history-of-silicon-valley/>.

Castells, Manuel, and Peter Hall. Technopoles of the World. New York, NY: Routledge, 1994. Print.

Ceruzzi, Paul. A history of modern computing. Salisbury, UK: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998. Print.

Cheung, Humphrey. "Secret Military History Of Silicon Valley Gave Rise To Modern Tech Giants." Tom’s Hardware. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb 2011. <http://www.tomshardware.com/news/secret-history-silicon-valley-gave-rise-modern-tech-giants,4713.html>.

Gillmor, Stewart. Fred Terman at Stanford. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004. Print.

Groeger, Martin. ""Ted" Hoff's first microprocessor." Silicon Valley Story. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb 2011. <http://www.silicon-valley-story.de/sv/intel_hoff.html>.

Gromov, Gregory. "Silicon Valley History." NetValley. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb 2011. <http://www.netvalley.com/svhistory.html>.

"Investing in the Start-Ups of the Future." Stanford Graduate Fellowsships. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb 2011. <http://sgf.stanford.edu/publications/sgf_current/4_startups.html>.

Kenney, Martin. Understanding Silicon Valley. Stanford, CA: MIT Press, 2000. Print.

Lecuyer, Christophe. Making Silicon Valley. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007. Print.

Lewis, Michael. The New New Thing. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. Print.

Lienhard, John. "No. 423: TERMAN AND SILICON VALLEY." Engines of Our Ingenuity. University of Houston, n.d. Web. 15 Feb 2011. <http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi423.htm>.

Lowen, Rebecca. Creating the Cold War university. Berkeley and Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1997. Print.

"The Rise of Silicon Valley." Stanford University. Stanford University, n.d. Web. 15 Feb 2011. <http://www.stanford.edu/about/history/history_ch3.html>.

Scaruffi, Piero. "A Timeline of Silicon Valley." N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb 2011. <http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/silicon.html>.

Schalin, Jay. "Before Google, Apple, and Intel: The Real Silicon Valley ." The John William POPE CENTER. N.p., 27 12 2010. Web. 15 Feb 2011. <http://www.popecenter.org/commentaries/article.html?id=2454>.

"The Secret History of Silicon Valley." YouTube. Web. 16 Feb 2011. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFSPHfZQpIQ>.

"Stanford University." silicon valley story. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb 2011. <http://www.silicon-valley-story.de/sv/stanford.html>.

Tajnai, Carolyn. "FRED TERMAN, THE FATHER OF SILICON VALLEY ." Net Valley. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb 2011. <http://www.netvalley.com/silicon_valley/Fred_Terman_Father_of_Silicon_Valley.html>.

Terdiman, Daniel. "How NASA helped invent Silicon Valley." cnet news. cnet, 02 10 2007. Web. 15 Feb 2011. <http://news.cnet.com/How-NASA-helped-invent-Silicon-Valley/2009-11397_3-6211034.html>.

Williams, James. "THE RISE OF SILICON VALLEY." Invention & Technology Magazine. Print.

Kyle Gagner
Outline
I. Frederick Terman drastically changed the face of the electronics industry by integrating Stanford University with the electronics industry, encouraging industry in the region, and channeling military research funding to the valley.

II. Frederick Terman integrated the University with the electronics industry.
A. As a teacher, he used industry issues as research topics for students (Williams).
B. He took students on field trips to see business in the real world (Willaims).
C. Terman turned Stanford into the leading radio research center on the west coast (Williams).
D. Terman came up with the Honors Cooperative Program (Gromov)
1. Allowed companies to send employees for graduate work at double the tuition
2. Benefitted both the University and companies
E. Terman facilitated the leasing of land to companies in order to make the Stanford Industrial Park (Williams).
1. Solved Stanford’s financial issues (Gromov)
F. Stanford’s programs grew (Castells 16).
G. Terman built the foundations of Silicon Valley with the cooperation he caused (Castells 16).

III. Terman encouraged industry in Silicon Valley.
A. Terman directly encouraged industry
1. Terman convinced Hewlett and Packard to work together (Tajnai).
2. Terman was on the board of Varian Associates, a business in the microwave industry (Gillmor 282).
3. Terman convinced William Shockley, co-inventor of the transistor, so set up shop in Silicon Valley, beginning the silicon technologies there (Williams).
4. Terman encouraged start-ups (Gillmor 121).
5. Many important companies can be traced back to Terman.
a. Intel co-founded by former employee of Shockley, Rober Noyce (Williams)
b. 41 startups precipitate from, Fairchild Semiconductor, which came from Shockley’s efforts, ultimately going back to Terman convincing Shockley to settle in Silicon Valley.
c. Less than 24 of the 400 engineers at a 1969 gathering hadn’t worked for Fairchild.
B. The Legacy of start-ups is his most profound impact.
1. Other faculty continued the start-up trend Terman started (Investing).
2. Alumni could exit University and find a job (Investing).
3. Sun Microsystems (Java) and Cisco (routers) were seeded by this tradition (Investing).

IV. Terman drew military funding to Stanford.
A. WWII was an electronic war. The Germans had very complex radar network (The Secret History of Silicon Valley).
B. Other schools received huge funding in WWII from the government (The Secret History of Silicon Valley).
C. Terman returns to Stanford from the RRL (Radio Research Lab) in Harvard (The Secret History of Silicon Valley)
D. He founds the AEL (Applied Electronics Laboratory), not for military research, then the ERL (Electronics Research Laboratory), then merges them into the SEL (Stanford Electronics Laboratories) and recruits 11 former RRL members (Willaims).
E. Stanford drew government funding, such as their first contract from the Office of Naval Research for an annual $225,000 (Willaims).
F. The SEL researched microwave technology for the government, mainly for jamming and intelligence (Blank).
G. Objectives included... (The Secret History of Silicon Valley)
1. Understand nuclear threat
2. Location of radars
3. Radar ranges
4. Jamming
5. Weak points in the Soviet defense
H. Research was done in locating Tall Kings with signals bounced off of the moon (The Secret History of Silicon Valley)
I. Technology developed on Stanford was used in planes, 32 of which were shot down (Blank).
J. Start-ups flourished by producing the military technology Stanford researched (Blank).

V. Many businesses can trace their roots to Terman. He drew money to the University and built the foundations of the engineering community in the valley by integrating the University with local business. He encouraged businesses, some of which are prominent today. Terman drew funding and business to the region by taking advantage of war funding. The companies that have sprung from the region because of his influence are some of the cornerstones of technology today.

The Conflict and Compromise of
The United States Patent System

By Kyle Gagner

The Conflict and Compromise of
The United States Patent System
The United States Patent System, allowed for by the Constitution, is a powerful system formed by the conflict and compromise between political parties and their leaders, but would never have been as well off as it is today without Thomas Jefferson. This report on the patent system focuses on the conflict and compromise that made the patent system what it is today. This paper will explore the most important people who influenced the laws that define the patent system called patent acts. And it will show the influence that the patent system had on invention in the United States.
The United States Constitution gave the power to grant patents. The Constitution lists powers the federal government has, the peoples rights, and so forth. The Constitution not only sets restrictions on the national government but contains checks and balances meant to enforce the restrictions. Under it, everyone obeys a higher law. Once King Louis XIV of France said “I am the State” by which, he meant the law was whatever he said it was. But under the United States constitution, that would be impossible. The Constitution grants powers too. In Article 1 – the article about the Legislative Branch – Section 8 – the powers of congress – the eighth clause called the Intellectual Property Clause, also referred to as the copyright and/or Patent Clause grants an important power. The sort of preamble to the eight section of Article 1 says “The Congress shall have Power”. The section goes on to list the powers congress has. The eighth Clause is one of these powers, it says “To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Rights to their respective Writings and Discoveries”. The whole thing put together says “The Congress shall have Power”… “To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Rights to their respective Writings and Discoveries”. This is what grants the power to grant patents.
As the patent system was being born, it was influenced by two factions. A faction is a political party. The two factions were called the Federalists and the unimaginatively named Anti-Federalists. The Federalists supported the Constitution and wanted a strong central government; they represented urban mercantile interests they were led by Alexander Hamilton. Anti-Federalists wanted a Bill of Rights and strong individual state governments; they represented southern rural interests and were lead by Thomas Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were not only the heads of the two factions but were definitely important in crafting the history of the patent system. They had their own views about how a patent system should work. The Anti-Federalist, Jefferson was a very educated man. He served in the House of Burgesses. He was quiet and contributed with his pen, but not so much by publicly speaking. He was very freedom oriented and feared tyranny. One quote from him ascertains this “I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.” Jefferson never took out a patent. He thought monopolies as unfair yet he also thought that people should have a right to profit from their inventions. This other quote shows his views on patents “He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me. That ideas should freely spread from one to another over the globe, for the moral and mutual instruction of man, and improvement of his condition”. He thought inventions belonged to the public. When the Federal Government started, Thomas Jefferson was the secretary of state. In that position he was set the task to grant patents under the patent act of 1790 which is explained in more detail later. There he realized the power of patents to encourage invention because people wanted limited monopolies to profit from. He was strict in granting patents but slowly started changing his views. He resigned as secretary of state in 1793, though still remaining skeptical of patents for the rest of his life. He died on the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence hours before his good friend John Adams. His ideas continued to affect the patent acts after his death.
Hamilton, the Federalist, was less liked than Jefferson. He didn’t have much trust and kept a distain for others. He had some positive and negative influence on the patent system. He wanted a strong central government and feared anarchy most. Hamilton had been involved in the early government and urged the Constitutional Convention but thought its Constitution was deficient in many ways. However more than deficient, the Constitution was definitely worth supporting. Hamilton did not agree with Jefferson on many counts and in a way they were opposites. In fact he disliked Jefferson a lot. But in a presidential election where Jefferson and Aaron Burr were against each other for the presidency Hamilton threw support to Jefferson. While he supported Jefferson he evidently made some remarks Aaron Burr took offense to. Aaron Burr wanted to duel Hamilton. Hamilton felt obligated to accept. Hamilton was shot and died.
Before this paper delves deeper into the patent acts and inventions a little background history would be nice. The word “patent” used to be Old French, lettre patente, meaning open letter. The phrase evolved to Middle English, lettre patent. Then it was shortened to patent. A patent is intellectual property protected under federal law. The concept of a patent came from King Henry VI who awarded John of Utynam a patent. It was a letter that had the writing and the royal seal on the outside. In colonial days a separate act was passed for each patent by some legislative body in individual colonies or states. Early patents had just a title and no description. President Washington wanted a law to comply with the intellectual property clause. His wish was granted with the 1790 Patent Act. Under it the secretary of state, Jefferson, granted patents. He was a little too strict. The next Patent Act, the Patent Act of 1793, was a disaster, it resulted almost every patent application being granted. Then the patent act of 1836 was just right but suffered from the patent fire on Dec 15 1836 destroying every patent, 2845 were restored. And along this time you can imagine the patent system’s reputation has gone up and down. Mark Twain even wrote; “a country without a patent office and good patent laws was just a crab and couldn't travel anyway but sideways or backwards”. The US patent office represented an early form of Federal support for Science.
The patent system had a profound and useful effect, lots of inventions. The first patent was granted to Samuel Hopkins for a process of making potash on July 31 1790. Usually acres of trees were burnt to get potash; he burnt the product of the original burning in a special way to make more potash. For 70 years America was the number one potash producer. However unlike that invention some had a negative effect. An example is a patent granted was to Eli Whitney for the cotton gin. It was easily pirated and made almost no profit; However worst of all it increased slavery. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin was a pretty late invention, relatively speaking. The second was to Joseph S. Sampson for a method of making candles. One of the most interesting stories about early inventions and patents was about Oliver Evans. Oliver Evans worked as a wagon maker and studied math and science. When he was 22, he was hired to make teeth on cards for combing wool which was slow and repetitive, so he made a machine that made 1500 per minute and they were better than hand made ones. He did not patent this invention but he kept on inventing. Oliver Evans made steam engines. They were small and light and discarded spent steam unlike other steam engines. They were employed in a new type of mill he invented for flour and meal. The mill was the third patent granted. The fourth went to Francis Baily for a method of making punches for types. The fifth patent went to Aaron Putnam for a method of distilling. The sixth patent was to John Stone for a method of driving piles. And the seventh, eight, ninth, and tenth all went to Samuel Mulliken on the same day for a method of threshing grain, cutting and polishing marble, raising a nap on cloth, and for breaking hemp. Thomas Jefferson was an inventor too but never patented an invention. He made a wheel cipher that coded and decoded messages easily, a macaroni making machine, and an erosion reducing plow were two more of his inventions. He also thought agriculture was a very important science and introduced many plants.
The first patent act was in 1790; it is referred to as the patent act of 1790. An applicant for a patent would apply for a patent with a specification and if possible a model and, if it met usefulness and novelty standards, was granted a patent by the secretary of state, secretary of war, and the attorney general or any two. It was a compromise between the federalists, favoring a looser definition on what could receive a patent, and anti-federalists, like Jefferson who thought very few inventions deserved patents. Jefferson was the secretary of state at the time and shouldered most of the responsibility. He was a tad strict, less than one half of the applications were granted patents. He weighed beneficial effects of inventions against promoting useless invention. 55 patents were granted out of 114 applications made in this act’s 3 year time frame. This patent act made the patent board, the three people of granting patents, too busy. They were important people. George Washington signed the act on April 10, 1790.
The second patent act was the patent act of 1793. Now unlike in the patent act of 1790, the secretary of state’s invention description and the presidents signature was needed to grant a patent for 14 years (however Jefferson had retired his post). An application would be made to the secretary of state who would complete the process or deny the patent. Older pre 1790 act patents were no longer viable but a new patent could be taken out. It was passed February 21, 1793. This act had bits from two bills that Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson made separately. In this way it was a compromise of the two. Jefferson’s bill would have solved many of today’s patent issues. It was introduced to congress February 7, 1791. Unfortunately it was unpopular, for one because Jefferson’s bill made it necessary to publicize 3 times in many newspapers. Hamilton’s bill addressed a very important issue; patent overlap. It was introduced March 1, 1792. The patent act was a response to inventor complaints and Jefferson’s response to the patent act of 1790’s shortcomings. It was a bit stricter on patent infringers. It’s criteria for what was to be granted a patent was stricter too. However many patents were granted and not many were good ones. The patent act made the granting of patents too automatic and soon patents were almost always granted. Courts were overloaded with patent infringement suits and cases over the validity of various patents.
Henry Ellsworth was instrumental in drafting the patent act of 1836. This act established the Patent Office. It was an office established and attached to the Department of State. The patent Office was a whole new system. A commissioner of patents ran the operation, still under the secretary of state but definitely not run by the busy secretary of state. The fees were much higher under this act. The best way to describe the price is to read an excerpt of the patent act. “…shall pay into the Treasury of the United States, or into the Patent Office, or into any of the deposite banks to the credit of the Treasury, if he be a citizen of the United States, or an alien, and shall have been resident in the United States for one year next preceding, and shall have made oath of his intention to become a citizen thereof, the sum of thirty dollars; if a subject of the King of Great Britain, the sum of five hundred dollars; and all other persons the sum of three hundred dollars”. The patent system was now much improved. It wasn’t to strict or too loose so it was a shame when every patent was consumed by fire on Dec 15 1836. Only 2845 were restored.
The amount of invention has grown alongside the Patent System. This is shown by the number of patents going from three patents a year to 183,187 in 2006. 183,187 patents a year is nearly 502 patents a day. This powerful system makes innovation come faster. The Patent System has made our country grow by feeding it new ideas. It is an important part of the United States that would never have been possible without Thomas Jefferson.

Bibliography
History Day Sources
The Conflict and Compromise of the United States Patent System
Kyle Gagner

Bibliography: Primary Sources
Kyle Gagner
United States. The United States Constitution.
The Constitution.

Jefferson, Thomas. Letter to Isaac McPherson. 13 Aug. 1813.
This source is a letter Thomas Jefferson wrote to Isaac McPherson. It expresses Thomas Jefferson’s views.

United States. Patent Act of 1836, Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117 (July 4, 1836). 1836.
This I found on Google. It is the actual Patent Act of 1836. I’m glad I downloaded it because the URL no longer works that I found it on. Obviously it gives information on how the patent system was to work under the 1836 Patent Act.

United States. Patent Act of 1790, Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117 (April 10, 1790). 1790.
This I found on Google. It is the actual Patent Act of 1790. I found it with the patent act of 1836 a while after it.

United States. Patent Act of 1793, Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117 (April 10, 1793). 1793.
This I found on Google. It is the actual Patent Act of 1793. I found it with the Patent Act of 1836 and the Patent Act of 1790.

Bibliography: Secondary Sources
Kyle Gagner
Watson, Jason. "A History of the United States Patent Office." Historical Markers. 17 Apr 2001. 10 Oct 2007 <http://www.historical-markers.org/usptohistory.cgi>.
This source was a website I found using Google on the internet. This website gives some general information on patents. It started me on my project and gave me an idea of what this patent thing was all about. This source was very helpful. It was extremely helpful in getting me started in my project but didn’t go in to the detail I had to crawl through Google to find.

"The United States Constitution." 20 Sep 2004. Government. 8 Dec 2007 <http://www.house.gov/house/constitution/constitution.html>.
This source was a website I found on Google. This provided some information on the Constitution. The Constitution granted the power to issue patents so it was important to the patent acts and information on it was important to my project. This site showed me the Intellectual Property Clause which was the clause that allowed for the granting of patents. I don’t like it at all because it doesn’t exist anymore. It was just a temporary thing I guess and cannot be accessed at least by this URL.


Watson, Jason. "A History of the United States Patent Office." Historical Markers. 17 Apr 2001. 19 Oct 2007 <http://www.historical-markers.org/usptohistory2.cgi>.
This source I found using Google. It provides background information on the patent acts but doesn’t go into enough detail to do anything but push me along my way while doing my project.

"Definitions of Federalist on the web." Google. 8 Dec 2007 <http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&sa=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&ct=1&q=define:Federalist&spell=1>.
I wanted a definition for Federalist so I entered define: Federalist in Google search. This gave me definitions for Federalist. Now I could understand what all the stuff on the web meant.

"Evolution of American political parties from the Revolution to the Reconstruction." everything2. 9 Dec 2007 <http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1486844>.
This website found on Google gave me background information on political parties in the time period I was researching. For sources like this and Wikipedia I always cross references and all the information seems to be valid. Some people just want to share good information on a big website that can attract lots of other people.

"Thomas Jefferson: Father of Invention." Archiving Early America. 16 oct 2007. <http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/winter2000/jefferson.html>.
This source popped up again and again on Google search. Probably about 75% of my search result pages included this website. And I’m glad for it. It gives information on patents, the patent system, and Thomas Jefferson. This site gave me a better idea of what to search for and how Thomas Jefferson felt about patents.


Brief Biography of Thomas Jefferson. <http://monticello.org/jefferson/biography.html>.
This source found with Google. It gave me a biography of Thomas Jefferson but said little of his views which is something I wanted.

patent model association. patent model association. 27 Nov 2007 <http://patentmodelassociation.com/story.html>.
This I found on Google. It is a patent system story, or it’s history. It was useful but highly unorganized.

"Introduction to Patents." Doug & Linda's Dairy Antique Site. 27 Nov 2007 <http://www.dairyantiques.com/Introduction_to_Patents.html>.
This site found on Google was all about dairy. You can find information about many dairy churns, cream separators, and types of lips on milk bottles. But the information that was useful to me was the introduction to patents. It gave me little information, yet event the smallest bit of information is important.

McLaughlin, Bridget. "The Patent System." 10 Nov 2007 <http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~meg3c/classes/tcc313/200Rprojs/jefferson_invent/bridge.html>.
This site kept coming up on my search results page for Google searches on Thomas Jefferson. It gave me some good information on Thomas Jefferson and his affect on the patent system. But I found the way the sources were cited confusing so I couldn’t go any further than this source.

Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2. Gale Research,
I found this, with the information to make this incomplete citation, on Google. It is part of a biography of Thomas Jefferson

"The Trouble With Patents." 10 Sep 2007 <http://www.sirlin.net/archive/catagory/articles/busines-of-games.html>.
This site found on Google no longer works. It did give me information on the trouble with patents and when it started but of course no longer provides it.

"Anti-Federalist Beliefs." 26 Nov 2007 <http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~debbkahn/beliefs.htm>.
I seem to have a knack for finding websites that will soon no longer exist. This site no longer exists but I found it on Google and it gave me some information on Anti-Federalists. But it was a very trivial source of information and wasn’t too important.


Fortimer, Mark. "Patent History, Part II." Ezine@rticles. 14 Jan 2008 <http://ezinearticles.com/?Patent=History,-Part-II&id=6078297>.
Being my third citation in a row not to exist I wonder what the expiration rate of web pages is? I found this on Google and like most of my sites it gave me enough information to put on one or two index cards. I really don’t like it when a website gives so little information and I wouldn’t recommend this site for a source on a patent project even if it did exist anymore.

"A History of the Early Patent Office." 26 Nov 2007 <http://www.myoutbox.net/popch06.htm>.
This website gave me some of the most straightforward facts on a convoluted misinterpreted subject called The Patent Act of 1793. Although it had little information on the Patent Act of 1793 I needed it didn’t imply every fact, it gave every fact.

"Thomas Jefferson ." www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/tj3.html. government. 27 Nov 2007 <http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/tj3.html>.
This site I found on Google was very nice. I should have thought earlier to check and see if the Whitehouse website had a biography of Thomas Jefferson. It is easy to read and clear-cut but lacks detail.

"Business History Books." www.businesshistorybooks.com/GeorgeWashington.htm. <http://www.businesshistorybooks.com/GeorgeWashington.htm>.
This website, found on Google is a Biography of George Washington. I used it primarily Just for a little more Background information.


"the 212 Anniversary of the First American Pattent Act." 14 Jan 2008 <http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa073100.htm>.
This website, found on Google, is another one that no longer exists. I only got a numerical statistic from it anyway but why oh why do these pages go out?

"Introduction." 15 Jan 2008 <http://xroads.virginia.edu/ham/hamintro.html>.
This website that I found on Google gave me a better idea of what Alexander Hamilton was like but like so many other sites, it is no longer on the WWW.

"Introduction." 15 Jan 2008 <http://xroads.virginia.edu/ham/hampltcs.html>.
This webpage is the second page of the one previously cited and too gave me an idea of what Hamilton was like and no longer exists either.

"Country Studies." Hamilton vs. Jefferson. 15 Jan 2008 <http://countrystudies.us/united-states/history-41.htm>.
This site found on Google gave me a better idea of the conflict between Federalists and Anti federalists and the nature of the two factions. This helped me get a political sense of the conflicts.

Watson, Jason. "A History of the United States Patent Office." Historical Markers. 17 April 2001. 17 Nov 2007 <http://www.historical-markers.org/usptohistory3.cgi>.
This is a very comprehensive source I found on Google explaining about the 1793 and 1836 patent acts.

Dwyer, Tim. "Lesson Plans and Student Projects." Economic Adventure. 04 Nov 2007 <http://www.economicadventure.org/teachers/lessons/less_intproptimeline.cfm>.
This webpage that I found using Google provides a timeline of patent related events. This site gives a very general overview and goes into little detail. Events are briefly stated but go from 1790 to 2002.

Dwyer, Tim. "U.S. PATENT SYSTEM." The Great Idea Finder. 16 Jan 2008 <http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/uspatent.htm >.
This site that I found on Google gives the easiest to find information on the early patent system. The little facts that stick are on here but none of the big important stuff.

Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804). 05 Nov 2007 <http://www.lambda.net/~maximum/hamilton.html>.
This site that I found on Google gives a fairly detailed biography of Alexander Hamilton. The biography has some holes in it, like the big gaping one about his involvement in the patent system.

Eli Whitney. 23 Nov 2007 <http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/152.html>.
A Google search yielded a results page with this site on it. This site is about Eli Whitney’s cotton gin. This was important invention that I needed to research.

"Engines of Our Ingenuity." A Potash Patent. 23 Nov 2007 <http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi565.htm>.
This site I found on Google. It is a radio show put on the web. This episode was about the first patent. It provided me with some great information on it.

"Engines of Our Ingenuity." OLIVER EVANS . 23 Nov 2007 <http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi565.htm>.
I found this site by searching through episodes on "Engines of Our Ingenuity." 16 Jan 2008 <http://www.uh.edu/engines>. It is about Oliver Evans and his achievements.


"Engines of Our Ingenuity." OLIVER EVANS . 23 Nov 2007 <http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1.htm>.
I found this site by searching through episodes on "Engines of Our Ingenuity." 16 Jan 2008 <http://www.uh.edu/engines>. It is about Oliver Evans and his achievements.

Bellis, Mary. "Oliver Evans and steam powered automobiles.." About.com. 23 Nov 2007 <http://inventors.about.com/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/oliver_evans.htm>.
This webpage that I found on Google is all about Oliver Evans experiments with steam.

"Oliver Evans." 23 Nov 2007 <http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/evans/>.
This website that I found on Google tells a bit about Oliver Evans. It goes into little detail. It gave me just a little information for my project and wasn’t very usefull.

Bellis, Mary. "Benjamin Franklin and His Times." 23 Nov 2007 <http://inventors.about.com/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/Invent_Franklin_5.htm>.
This site I found using Google gives information on the patent system. I dislike sources like this because they give very little information on what I need, the detail on the subject matter that pertains to what I needed was poor too.

"A History of the Early Patent Office." 23 Nov 2007 <http://www.myoutbox.net/popch05.htm>.
This website that I found on Google describes the Patent Act of 1790. I already had the actual document but it may have taken me a great deal longer to make complete sense of it without sources like this one.

"George Washington ." 23 Nov 2007 <http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/gw1.html>.
I found this site on Google. It is a biography of George Washington on www.whitehouse.gov so it is a reliable source. It had no information on his action in the patent system and little detail on anything else.

Walterscheid, "THOMAS JEFFERSON AND THE PATENT ACT OF 1793." 23 Nov 2007 <http://etext.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH40/walter40.html>.
I found this webpage on Google. It describes Jefferson’s enrollment of the developing of the Patent Act of 1793. Most of the information I already knew but some of it was useful.

"A History of the Early Patent Office." <http://www.myoutbox.net/popch08.htm>.
This site that I found came from a Google search. It was not very helpful. It had little to do with what I was doing my report on however.

"Alexander Hamilton, New York." 23 Nov 2007 <www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_york.html>.
This site I found on Google gives a large biography of Alexander Hamilton. I like it when I find a large biography like this. It was really helpful.

"Thomas Jefferson's Wheel Cipher." 23 Nov 2007 <http://www.monticello.org/reports/interests/wheel_cipher.html>.
This website that I found on Google describes Jefferson’s wheel cipher.

"Thomas Jefferson ." 24 Nov 2007 <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljefferson.htm>.
I found this page for Google. This page is about Jefferson as an inventor.

The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. 2006 .
I found this using dictionary.com. It is a definition for the word patent.

LADAS & PARRY LLP. 28 Nov 2007 <www.ladas.com/Patent/UsPatentsHistory.html>.
This site, found on Google, no longer exists. I found little information on it so it wasn’t too important.

"Eli Whitney and the Need for an Invention ." 28 Nov 2007 <http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/cotton-gin-patent/>.
This page I found on Google. It describes Eli Whitney’s cotton gin. It was a very helpful site.

Kyle Gagner

Irony and Betrayal in Henry V

Shakespeare's “Henry V” reveals a shockingly thin line between a king and a traitor. In the beginning of Act II, the Chorus reveals a treasonous plot against the King. In the second scene, Shakespeare uses multiple layers of irony to highlight the theme of betrayal, including Henry's own treachery. Superficially, the scene describes how Henry brings the three traitors involved to justice. Just under the surface, however, lies a sad story in which the King ruthlessly punishes a former friend. When taken in the larger context of the play, it can be seen that this is not a unique or isolated event; Henry repeatedly betrays his friends.
In the first half of Act II Scene 2, Shakespeare uses dramatic irony to pit the audience against the traitors, particularly Scroop, who was formerly a close friend of Henry's. Through good military intelligence, the King already knows the identities of the three traitors (Scroop, Grey, and Cambridge) by the beginning of the scene. He asks Scroop whether the English forces are likely to be victorious against the French. Scroop relies “No doubt, my liege, if each man do his best.” (Henry V, Act II Scene 2 line 19) Thick with irony, Henry responds, “I doubt not that; since we are well persuaded We carry not a heart with us from hence That grows not in a fair consent with ours...” (Henry V, Act II Scene 2 line 20) This is an interesting variety of dramatic irony. Usually, dramatic irony is reserved for the audience, and all of the characters remain oblivious to it. In this case, however, the King is fully aware of everything that is happening. Since only the traitors are missing part of the full story, the King has power over the situation. For this reason, the audience is most likely to identify with Henry in the beginning of the scene. The clueless traitors seem clearly in the wrong. Any interpretation of Act II Scene 2 that stops here, however, is shallow because it ignores both the context in which it was written and significant events later in the scene.
As the scene continues, Shakespeare reveals part of Henry's own betrayal using poetic justice. Still pretending to be loyal to the King, Scroop advises Henry against releasing a drunk man who had spoken rudely against government the day before, “That's mercy, but too much security Let him be punish'd, sovereign, lest example Breed, by his sufferance, more of such a kind.” (Henry V, Act II Scene 2 line ) When the King maintains that he should be merciful, Cambridge and Grey carry on with Scroop's argument. Finally, the King concludes the controversy and orders the release of the man. It is at this point that he hands papers to Scroop, Grey, and Cambridge accusing them of treason. Immediately the men plead for mercy, but the King sentences them to death, saying “The mercy that was quick in us but late By your own counsel is suppress'd and kill'd: You must not dare, for shame, to talk of mercy.” (Henry V, Act II Scene 2 line 44) This reaction is unsurprising both because of the advice the men had just given Henry and because treason is often punishable by death for reasons of security. So far, the King has done nothing controversial and the audience will continue to back him up. However, either from a desire for an honorable end to their lives or genuine regret, the traitors ask to be forgiven even as they are put to death, “My fault, but not my body, pardon, sovereign.” (Henry V, Act II Scene 2 line 165) There little reason for the King to deny the purely symbolic gesture of pardoning their offenses, yet he does. In doing so, he betrays his friend Scroop and Henry's moral high ground seems to sink. Again, Shakespeare scrambles our usual definitions of irony. While the ironic reason that Henry choose not to be merciful clearly puts the traitors' punishment into the category of poetic justice, Henry also betrayed a friend. This sours the justness of his actions. Considering this, poetic injustice seems a more appropriate term. However, if this were the only time Henry forsook a friend, he could possibly be forgiven, but it wasn't.
Before he was King, Henry had many friends which he abandoned upon taking up the crown. In the previous scene, Act II Scene 1, the characters in the play blame Henry for the fact that Falstaff is dying, as he does two scenes later, presumably because of Henry's neglect. And in the following Act, Henry watches as Bardolph is hanged for stealing something of little value. All of the King's commoner friends from before he was King feel that they have been forgotten. The rationale for this neglect, explained in the beginning of the play, is that it was necessary for him to sever all ties with his past life to be taken seriously as King. The greatest irony in Act II Scene 2 is that the King betrayed a far greater number of people than the traitors and he suffered no consequences while they were put to death. This set of double standards is not shocking, considering that Henry is the King, but it still reveals a flaw in his character.
Act II Scene 2 of “Henry V” is a reminder of why Shakespeare remains so celebrated to this day. He used irony as more than just an entertaining and interesting literary element. The dramatic irony in the first half of the scene is used to emphasize Scroop's treachery. Poetic justice in the second half of the scene demonstrates that Henry is as capable of betrayal as any of the traitors. And when the play is viewed on a macroscopic scale, it becomes clear that Henry actually makes a habit of turning against his friends and is, ironically, more deserving of punishment. In this way, the complex and largely unconventional irony present in Act II Scene 2 is used to convey the important theme of betrayal in “Henry V”.
Bibliography

Shakespeare, William. Henry V. New York, New York: Penguin Books, 1999. Print.

I think one of the most meaningful of the readings was the Little Engine That Couldn't. I don't agree with everything it says, and I'm unsure about a lot of its points. Before I continue, I'd like to make two assumptions. The first is that we are worthy of survival. The second is that our current way of life could destroy Earth. The song “Final Countdown” by Europe is actually about a space voyage to colonize Venus. Venus is close enough to the Goldilocks zone, as discussed in The 11th Hour, to have the potential for life, so back then a lot of science fiction was about colonizing Venus, not Mars. But when we sent a probe there, it didn't last very long in the heavily acidic atmosphere and extreme temperatures. Earth is close to the sun, just a little further than Venus, and it is conceivable, though not inevitable by any stretch of the imagination, that stagnating the ocean currents, killing off the plankton, melting the polar ice caps, and burning through the ozone like “Life at the End of the Empire” talks about could cause this planet to become like Venus, acidic, hot, and unlivable, or like Mars, airless, cold, and unlivable. [Read last page of Little Engine That Couldn't] If what Quinn is saying is the way to go, we will invest in MSR Thorium reactors, recycle all of our waste, cut timber sustainably by replanting, etc. etc. But what happens then? This is so much harder, so much more expensive. We would either have so much less or work so much harder. It means sacrifice, which I don't think is ever going to happen. Dan Dennet, a philosopher, delivered a talk at a TED conference about Dangerous Memes. All of our ideas, religions, and cultures are memes. Memes give us something, something that we want, like houses, food, laptops, glass, and light bulbs and, in return, we give them life, a body to carry out their intentions, a hand to record them, a mouth to spread them, and a brain to facilitate their evolution. If the dominant western culture is so successful, we can assume it is too seductive to give up. It will continue on spreading and growing until it is forced to stop. This is the culture of stories “Life at the End of the Empire” speaks of. And it succeeds according to the “Parable of the Tribes”. When our cheap energy runs out, we can fall back on green solutions. I'm going to make a prediction now, which is just based off of my opinions. Oil companies have huge R&D departments devoted to solar technology which will supplement their profits as oil runs dry. But we can't cope without oil. Our economy will collapse, I think worse than it has ever collapsed. We don't have to become part of nature again, the world is going to take us back one way or another. I expect that food shortages and conflict will take care of our population problem. The very poor, the kind people who scavenge garbage off of the Isle of Flowers will likely to be among the first to go. But it might be too late then, our climate may have already crossed a tipping point (The 11th hour). Or maybe not. If it does, we can try to live in small numbers as long as possible using technology to protect us from an increasing harsh environment as life is stripped down to its basics and starts to evolve all over again. Wouldn't that be poetic justice? “Life at the End of the Empire” discusses the myth of the technofix. Well, I like my technology. I have a heated home. My main hobby is programming. I wrote this assignment on a computer. A couple weeks ago I tilled our garden using a John Deere tractor. I want this. Battlestar Galactica is actually an excellent show about the migration of people their home worlds which were destroyed by robots called Cylons that people created. Throughout their journey they struggle with the question of whether humans are worthy of survival, seeing all of the terrible conflicts that occur even among these refugees pursued by the Cylons. In the end they arrive in a new solar system, a fleet of broken ships containing barely enough people to populate this new world. It is revealed that time is a cyclic phenomenon, and that people make the same mistakes over again. History repeats itself. So the question for me is not whether humans are worthy of survival. The question for me is whether our culture is worthy of survival. Asking it seems heretical. I've grown up to see progress as an end in itself. I'm going to the University of Washington to study engineering. I can't imagine us actually being worse off repeating the same mistakes over and over and over again rather than halting our progress, as crazy as destroying the Earth sounds. Progress is the ultimate good, isn't it? Isn't progress what really makes us human? Maybe it isn't, maybe that's just my culture. But there's nothing else I can say. If I said it wasn't worthy of survival, I would no longer have any means in our society. If I try to step off the train, I'll just be gone, it wouldn't matter. If I try to stop the train or change its course, I will fail. If I go along, I succeed.

Kyle Gagner

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest: Scored Discussion

Topic E
1. (Billy speaking, p. 110)

“You think I wuh-wuh-wuh-want to stay in here? You think I wouldn’t like a con-con-vertible and a guh-guh-girl friend? But did you ever have people l-l-laughing at you? No, because you’re so b-big and so tough! Well, I’m not big and tough. Neither is Harding. Neither is F-Fredrickson. Neither is SuhSefelt. Oh—oh, you—you t-talk like we stayed in here because we liked it! Oh—it’s nno use …”

This is the part of the novel where McMurphy and the reader learn that many of the patients are voluntary. Like McMurphy, the reader has to spend some time digesting this new revelation. The ward is clearly an inhospitable environment, governed by the manipulating Nurse. These people don’t simply have mental disorders, they lack the confidence to face reality to the extent that they would rather stand the institutions abuse than seek freedom and face the real world. This realization certainly adds a layer of complexity to the characters which the reader must keep in mind.

2. (McMurphy and Harding speaking, p. 39)

“You’re talking like a crazy ma—”
“Like a crazy man? How astute.”
“Damn it, Harding, I didn’t mean it like that. You ain’t crazy that way. I mean—hell, I been surprised how sane you guys all are. As near as I can tell you’re not any crazier than the average asshole on the street—”
“Ah yes, the asshole on the street.”

[HueHuey]

You'd make a great politician